An electric vehicle (EV) is defined as any vehicle powered by an electric motor, as opposed to an internal combustion engine (ICE) that relies on burning fuel or gas. The electric motor receives power from an electric current collector, either from an external service provider or an on-board source such as a battery, solar energy, or an electric generator that converts fuel into electricity.
Electric vehicles encompass various types, including electric cars, buses, two-wheelers, electric boats, and electric aircraft. In contemporary terms, EVs are commonly associated with cars, buses of all sizes, and trucks. They can be categorized into three main types: battery electric vehicles (BEVs), hybrid vehicles (which are partially powered by an electric motor), and fuel cell vehicles (which use hydrogen gas to generate electricity for the motor).
Although the invention of electric vehicles dates back several decades, they gained significant attention in the 21st century due to global challenges such as pollution, climate change, and the depletion of natural and non-renewable resources caused by ICE-powered vehicles. Zero-emission electric vehicles are seen as a viable and practical alternative to traditional vehicles, which contribute to carbon emissions and other environmental issues.
Transportation is a major source of air pollution in India and many other countries worldwide. To combat this, numerous nations, including India, have initiated efforts to transition to electric vehicles. It is projected that the global share of electric vehicles will rise from 2% in 2016 to 22% by 2030.
Electric vehicles are primarily classified into three categories, with fuel cell vehicles that use hydrogen gas requiring further development. Hybrid vehicles, while incorporating an electric motor, also rely on fuel for operation. The last category consists of battery electric vehicles (BEVs), which feature an on-board rechargeable electricity storage system (RESS). This system is charged by external Electric Vehicle Chargers while the vehicle is stationary and disconnects when the vehicle is fully charged or in motion.